Different types of commercial insulin can generally be classified as short-acting or long-acting insulin with the only difference between them being one to three residues in the protein sequence. This difference in sequence, along with controlled pH of storage and delivery, can either trigger or prevent the formation of insulin aggregates in the blood stream, resulting in a slower or faster absorption of the insulin. HORIBA presents in this application note how to characterise protein therapeutic formulations for aggregation behaviour in a matter of seconds with A-TEEM spectroscopy.
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