Researchers at the Fraunhofer Project Hub for Microelectronic and Optical Systems for Biomedicine MEOS are now developing solutions designed to enable the analysis of breath gas for the diagnosis of disease. Although their research focuses on the early detection of cancer, the same principle could also be applied to distinguish between COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases.
“A lot of diseases cause a change in the composition of the volatile organic trace gases in exhaled air that can be used as biomarkers”, explains Dr Jessy Schönfelder, research associate at Fraunhofer MEOS. “It’s often a combination of several trace gases in a significantly elevated or significantly reduced concentration that is characteristic for a specific disease. This is known as the VOC fingerprint or VOC pattern.” Fraunhofer MEOS in Erfurt is an interdisciplinary project hub involving the participation of the Fraunhofer Institutes for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Photonic Microsystems IPMS, and Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF.
The team are developing an ion-mobility spectrometry (IMS) instrument with which to identify these VOC patterns. At the heart of the IMS system is a miniaturised high-field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) chip. The microelectromechanical system comprises an ion filter and a detector. The device also features a UV lamp. In the first instance, the VOCs, borne in a carrier gas, are pumped into the spectrometer, where they are ionised by UV light. “These are then fed to the FAIMS chip, which was developed by Fraunhofer IPMS”, says Schönfelder. “An alternating voltage is then applied at the filter electrodes. By adjusting the voltage at the filter, you can control which VOCs get through to the detector. This generates a VOC fingerprint, which enables us to identify the disease we’re looking for.”
The research team at Fraunhofer MEOS hopes this new technology will be able to detect a broad range of biomarkers. They also want to use it to distinguish between COVID-19 and other respiratory infections. It likewise features in the Fraunhofer cluster project M3Infekt, which is developing a mobile, modular, multimodal monitoring system to enable rapid intervention in the event of a sudden deterioration in the condition of COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, it is hoped that this method of breath gas analysis might provide an advance indication of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. This would not only provide earlier warning than with conventional methods such as blood testing but also be more convenient, since it merely requires that the patient breathe into a tube.
“There’s huge potential for sensor systems in breath gas analysis”, Schönfelder explains. “IMS technology is non-invasive, sensitive and selective. And it is quick, inexpensive and also compact and portable, so there’s no reason why it shouldn’t be used in medical practices and hospitals. The finished product will be about the size of a shoebox.”
At present, the research team is working to enhance the instrument’s electronic control system and to improve sample extraction and sample processing. Meanwhile, reference measurements with cell cultures have now been successfully conducted, and further investigations with clinical human samples are in the pipeline. In a project recently completed at Fraunhofer IZI, scientists using a similar technology were able to distinguish seven different bacterial strains.
At the same time, specially developed AI algorithms are expected to simplify the evaluation of VOC fingerprints. “Each measurement generates half a million readings”, Schönfelder explains. “So we want to use machine learning to analyse this huge volume of data.” The algorithm is trained using samples from healthy test subjects and cancer patients. The results of such measurements are available within a few minutes. “And we can well imagine that our ion-mobility spectrometer might one day be used to screen airline passengers so as to determine whether they are infected with the coronavirus”, she adds.
