Spectroscopy World Vol. 33 No. 3 (2021)

Food integrity using spectral sensors

Spectroscopy since 1975

Vol 33 No 3 April 2021

Hype in hyperspectral imaging

TD Column: FAIR practice

Four generations of quality: ISO

Sampling: can you trust your scales

3 Editorial 4 News 12 The hype in spectral imaging Gerrit Polder and Aoife Gowen 15 SensorFINT, the new European Netw

Vol 33 No 3 April 2021

Food, food safety and food integrity are the reasons behind a new European COST Network investigating the use of non-

Publisher Ian Michael E-mail: ian impopen com Advertising Sales Ian Michael IM Publications Open, 6 Charlton Mill, Ch

ISSN: 2634-2561

Spectroscopy Europe is published by IM Publications Open LLP, 6 Charlton Mill, Charlton, Chichester, West Sussex PO18

2 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

Spectroscopy Europe is a digital magazine, published eight times a year and available free-of-charge to qualifying in

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

Specac Analytics

Visit our website (www specac com) to learn more about Arrow Consumable ATR Slides If you have any questions you d li

Specac is launching Analytics, signalling its focused drive to find solutions in the biomedical, clinical, pharma ceu

No cleaning between samples

Archive samples for future reference

100% recycled polypropylene

Remote sample prep (volatile cap for secure transportation)

Batch sample prep

Potential for future automation

ZERO risk sample cross contamination

impact of the International Standards Organization (ISO) Kim Esbensen is joined by Aldwin Vogel to continue his disc

article, contact the authors or send your thoughts to me (ian impopen com) for potential publication Our second arti

What we say and what we mean are not always the same In science, accuracy in communication is of particular importa

www spectroscopyeurope com

SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE 3

The world s most expensive egg timer

A team of scientists has been using DESY s X-ray source PETRA III to analyse the structural changes that take place i

Humboldt fellow in Schreiber s group The scientists used X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) with a specifi

decreases, which slows down the phase separation This is important for the special dynamics of the system , reports

LC-MS of skin swab samples detect COVID-19

The most widely used approach to testing for COVID-19 requires a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, which involves

face, neck or back The samples were analysed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and partial least sq

Dr Melanie Bailey, co-author of the study from the University of Surrey, said: Unfortunately, the spectre of future

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

www spectroscopyeurope com

4 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

function, as well as being a detectable symptom of the disease itself Dr George Evetts, Consultant in Anaesthesia &

researchers to measure several hundred samples per day In order to speed up this technology, we changed the mass sp

with COVID-19 are involved in the body s immune response to pathogens which increases clotting tendency In the shor

Plastic pollution in snow As snow melts it can leave pollution behind in the form of micro- and nano-plastics accordi

Photo by Aaron Burden on Unsplash

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

www spectroscopyeurope com

6 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (NALDI-TOF-MS) technique to analyse snow samples collected in April 2019

and even in soil samples once they have been separated It is important to be able to detect even trace quantities o

Zi Wang, a PhD Candidate at McGill adds, Our hope is that this new technique can be used by scientists in different

Innovative blood test based using FT-IR

The molecular composition of blood provides information regarding a person s health and may be compared to an individ

comes when one tries to determine the exact composition of body fluids, given that the concentrations of informative

Based on FT-IR measurements, the researchers analysed the molecular fingerprints of serum and plasma samples obtained

Blood panels are as individual as fingerprints Researchers from the attoworld team at LMU and MPQ have now investiga

www spectroscopyeurope com

SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE 7

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

working on the laser technologies necessary to achieve this As Professor Krausz and colleagues reported last year, t

blood-based infrared fingerprints efficiently, repeatedly and in a minimally invasive manner The key, in this case,

Hyperspectral shrimp Lots of artificial intelligence (AI) programs can make use of data-rich hyperspectral and polar

created an organic electronic sensor that mimics the mantis shrimp s eye Its called the Stomatopod Inspired Multispe

SIMPOL s colour channels can discern spectral features 10 times narrower than typical imaging sensors; in other word

This SIMPOL image shows spectral imaging of a scene containing objects with different colours, as well as the letters

www spectroscopyeurope com

8 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

Infrared microscopy goes off grid Researchers from Caltech, UC Berkeley and the Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Struc

The first was a two-component system in which both components (permanent-marker ink and high-vacuum grease) were well

Example of the tiling pattern used in scanning a C elegans roundworm The non-grid-based pattern gives the sampling

www spectroscopyeurope com

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

NIR-HSI for quantitative detection of fatty liver disease

types of lipids The objective of these varied diets was to generate a set of livers with diverse lipid profiles Aft

Company News MS data analysis for biopharma and proteomics Thermo Fisher Scientific and Protein Metrics have entered

Courtesy of Tokyo University of Science

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a pathological condition characterised by excessive fat stored in the li

www spectroscopyeurope com

10 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

Digital surface, 3d generated image whith DOF

Chemometrics Books A user-friendly guide to multivariate calibration and classification by Tormod Næs, Tomas Isaksso

Okubo emphasised that the ultimate goal of this collaborative research is to differentiate and identify fatty acids

that the previously reported lifetime of interfacial charge-transfer (ICT) states of 1 ps results from the competiti

Furthermore, the findings give strong support to the emerging realisation that charge separation, even from energetic

Gordon F Kirkbright and Edward Steers Bursary Awards 2022

The Gordon F Kirkbright bursary award is a prestigious annual award that assists a promising early career scientist

in a non-tenured academic post or in industry, within seven years of award of PhD excluding career breaks The same c

www spectroscopyeurope com

SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE 11

The hype in spectral imaging Gerrit Poldera and Aoife Gowenb aWageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlan

Historical notes Spectroscopy has its origin in the 17th century when Isaac Newton demonstrated that white light from

eye By extending the number of wavebands per pixel the technique of spectral imaging was born The term hyperspectr

Figure 1 depicts the number of hits for both terms as function of time From this graph we clearly see that although

DOI: 10 1255 sew 2021 a12 2021 The Authors Published under a Creative Commons BY licence

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

Rectangle

Dariusz Gołowicz, MSc, graduated with honours from the University of Warsaw (UW) in 2016 in Physical Chemistry Curre

Rectangle

Rectangle

Javier A Romero was awarded a PhD degree in Physics by the National University of Córdoba (Argentina) in 2018 His d

Rectangle

Rectangle

Krzysztof Kazimierczuk got his PhD degree in Chemistry from the University of Warsaw in 2009 His research interests

Rectangle

First published in the Journal of Spectral Imaging, https: doi org 10 1255 jsi 2020 a4, 2020 The Authors

www spectroscopyeurope com

12 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

Figure 1 Web of Science title search hits for hyperspectral imaging , multispectral imaging and imaging spectros

Figure 2 A spectral image depicted as three-dimensional data array

512 wavebands10 while others use it for images with more than 2000 bands 11 Although with regard to the processing of

spectral dimensions most often differ from each other Therefore, hypercube is not a proper term to describe spectral

hyperspectral analysis for point spectroscopy References 1 G Kirchhoff and R Bunsen, Chemical analysis by obser

www spectroscopyeurope com

SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE 13

2085 2091 (1985) https: doi org 10 1364 AO 24 002085 3 A F H Goetz, G Vane, J E Solomon and B N Rock, Imaging

Biosyst Eng 170, 39 50 (2018) https: doi org 10 1016 j biosystemseng 2018 03 006 7 B Ling, D G Goodin, E J Ra

by drone-mounted superspectral camera , Precision Agric 21(1), 51 76 (2020) https: doi org 10 1007 s11119-019-0965

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

Aoife Gowen is a Professor in the School of Biosystems and Food Engineering at University College Dublin in Ireland

Gerrit Polder is senior researcher Image Analysis and Machine Vision at the department Greenhouse Technology of Wagen

Your comments are welcomed You can comment through the online version of this article, direct to the authors or to t

www spectroscopyeurope com

14 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

SensorFINT, the new European Network for assuring food integrity using non-destructive spectral sensors Lola Pérez-Ma

The SensorFINT COST Action (CA19145) is a European Network for assuring food integrity using non-destructive spectral

a unique digital fingerprint of the product and, therefore, a new digital labelling strategy with a more complete inf

and the building of real-time decision-making systems are critical issues to be considered In this Action, specific

DOI: 10 1255 sew 2021 a13 2021 The Author Published under a Creative Commons BY licence

www spectroscopyeurope com

SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE 15

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

Figure 1 Kick-off meeting of SensorFINT via Zoom

The potential of NDSS as non-targeted methods for the individual control of a product item, providing a product fin

The SensorFINT Action will manage these NDSS challenges for the demands of the food industry, advancing the state-of-

This will involve different strengths and expertise, turning innovative ideas and breakthroughs into new products, so

www spectroscopyeurope com

16 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

1) NDSS for innovation in process control and labelling in the European food industry 2) Innovation related to the i

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

Figure 2 The SensorFINT website

Dr Lola Peréz-Marín, Full-Professor in the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Engineering, University of Cordoba, Sp

www spectroscopyeurope com

SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE 17

TONY DAVIES COLUMN

DOI: 10 1255 sew 2021 a14 2021 The Authors Published under a Creative Commons BY licence

FAIR practice Antony N Davies SERC, Sustainable Environment Research Centre, Faculty of Computing, Engineering and S

Following our articles on the FAIR initiative, our esteemed editor Ian Michael was very keen that we looked at some e

Ways of operating the FAIR principles within research activities The core requirements for trustworthy digital re

standards GO FAIR support this process by initiating Metadata 4 Machines activities to bring together domain experts

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

Tony Davies is a long-standing Spectroscopy Europe column editor and recognised thought leader on standardisation and

www spectroscopyeurope com

18 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

TONY DAVIES COLUMN

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

available at https: more metadatacenter org video introductory-video-cedar-all-basics The creation of FAIR metadata

majority of scientific data is published outside of the classical peer review quality control mechanism of the past

form was discussed The fact that, in real-world operation, specific tooling meets multiple requirements around Finda

Figure 1 GO FAIR Metadata 4 Machines workshops are designed to bring domain experts and FAIR metadata experts togeth

www spectroscopyeurope com

SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE 19

TONY DAVIES COLUMN

Deployment examples—from the Pistoia Alliance work in life science The third workshop presentation was by Ian Harrow,

I see this as an excellent supporting document to help organisations develop and prioritise what Erik discussed under

really took the FAIRification idea forward from theory to real-world deployments If you are still finding lockdown s

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

Conclusions The timing workshop could not have been better Covering concepts for FAIR deployments through systems to

www spectroscopyeurope com

20 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

TONY DAVIES COLUMN

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

Tony Davies is a long-standing Spectroscopy Europe column editor and recognised thought leader on standardisation and

www spectroscopyeurope com

SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE 21

QUALITY MATTERS

To prepare international guides and International Standards relating to the practice of testing, inspection and cer

standards have been set, covering everything from manufactured products and technology to food safety, agriculture an

Four generations of quality: International Standards Organization (ISO) John P Hammond Technical and Marketing Manag

Introduction This article concentrates on the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) organisation, its

DOI: 10 1255 sew 2021 a15 2021 The Author Published under a Creative Commons BY-NC-ND licence

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

John Hammond is an experienced analytical scientist, spectroscopist and technical marketing professional, skilled in

www spectroscopyeurope com

22 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

QUALITY MATTERS

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

Committee (UNSCC) with a proposal to form a new global standards body In October 1946, ISA and UNSCC delegates from

testing and calibration laboratories In common with other ISO quality standards, ISO IEC 17025 requires continual im

Principle 1—Customer focus Organisations depend on their customers and therefore should understand current and future

Date,Event,1920s,International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations (ISA),1947,ISO,1947,ISO TC1,1947

Table 1 Key dates timeline

www spectroscopyeurope com

SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE 23

QUALITY MATTERS

basis of contractual arrangements with their suppliers This helped reduce the need for individual supplier evaluatio

of Defence MIL-Q-9858 standard in 1959, and the UK s Def Stan 05-21 and 05-24 Large organisations that supplied gove

burdened with an ISO bureaucracy In some companies, adapting and improving processes could actually be impeded by th

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

www spectroscopyeurope com

24 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

QUALITY MATTERS

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

information it needs and what format it should be in Alignment with other key management system standards through

2015 version In 2012, ISO TC 176, responsible for ISO 9001 development, celebrated 25 years of implementing ISO 9001

9002 and ISO 9003 Design and development procedures were required only if a company does, in fact, engage in the cre

www spectroscopyeurope com

SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE 25

QUALITY MATTERS

forms one of the fundamental Pillars of Quality detailing the QM system Quality is a perceptual, conditional, an

It also aligned more closely with the 2000 version of ISO 9001 The 2005 version of the standard comprises five eleme

of the organisation, their contents must be taken into account The standard no longer specifies that the organisatio

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

www spectroscopyeurope com

26 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

QUALITY MATTERS

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

John Hammond is an experienced analytical scientist, spectroscopist and technical marketing professional, skilled in

www spectroscopyeurope com

SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE 27

Sampling COLUMN

WHAT are sampling errors—and WHAT can we do about them Part 2: Sampling and weighing—different, but the same D Ald

Quality and quantity—equal factors In the world of commercial sampling of commodities this is nothing new Historical

the fundamental conceptual and theoretical issues and the critical practical problems in sampling Gy started to inve

helped by statistics After all, the term sampling is for very many (individuals, organisations, academic disciplines

DOI: 10 1255 sew 2021 a16 2021 The Authors Published under a Creative Commons BY licence

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

Dr Rodolfo Romañach is Professor of Chemistry at the University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez Campus, and site leader for

Dr Joubert is an Associate Professor of Chemistry at the University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez Campus She joined the

Kim Esbensen, PhD, Dr (hon) has had a career in research and academia for 40 years, and now is an independent researc

www spectroscopyeurope com

28 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

Sampling COLUMN

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

Rectangle

Rectangle

Kim Esbensen, PhD, Dr (hon) has had a career in research and academia for 40 years, and now is an independent researc

Rectangle

heterogeneity and ill-reflected sampling procedures that had to be dealt with in a more comprehensive manner 4,5 But

results depend on the full lot-to-aliquot pathway—which can be representative but certainly also not, ibid It matt

trader), will now likely hedge: OK then, yes sure, this may be so, but we have the appropriate technical staff to ta

www spectroscopyeurope com

SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE 29

Sampling COLUMN

An example from the weighing domain would be a weighing device that gradually moves away from its calibration conditi

development of the crooked and contorted edges of a cross-stream sample cutter, Figure 1 In both cases a non-constan

Figure 1 Falling stream cutter with contorted edges that result in incorrect delineation (IDE)

Weighing Incorrect Extraction Error (wIEE) In the sampling domain, one is committing an IEE if not all of the (correc

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

Figure 2 Principal set-up and key parts of a belt-scale weighing device

Calibration: operation that, under specified conditions, establishes a relation between the quantity values with meas

www spectroscopyeurope com

30 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

Sampling COLUMN

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

Figure 3 Full (container doors closed) container on truck: gross mass After discharge, the empty container (doors o

Figure 4 Left: Trucks moving in a port area from storage, via a weighbridge to quayside for discharge (v v ) Right:

transport a commodity over a relatively short distance The wIEE originates here with the unfounded assumption that t

loss that will interfere with subsequent moisture determination, which structurally will always be too low by an unkn

disconnect between time and place of sampling and time and place of weighing is clearly a sampling error a As a graph

aThere is a close connection to the topic error vs uncertainty presented and discussed in the preceding column,12

www spectroscopyeurope com

SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE 31

Sampling COLUMN

holds of a container ship when this is in fact ten days (10) after the freshly filter-pressed concentrate was sam

determined by weighing, but without considerations of potential pitfalls For an accurate mass determination to be po

Correct Weighing Errors Treasury: Sorry, what Correct Errors, how can an error be correct The reader is refe

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

Figure 5 Left (with error marks): Incorrect loading of the belt resulting in too low weight signal Right (with corr

www spectroscopyeurope com

32 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

Sampling COLUMN

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

at this stage it is traditionally assumed that all bias-generating errors (ISE) have indeed been eliminated (a very c

is what the number of primary increments is in the sampling domain The higher the number of scale divisions, the mor

Well yes, but wait, there is still more Remember that for proper determination of cargo mass, one actually needs to

For determination of cargo mass there are sometimes occasions where a standard statistical sampling is required, for

bOrganisation Internationale de Métrologie Légale International Organization of Legal Metrology cNational Institute o

dFor readers not in full TOS command, apologies for a slight possible confusion here, as MPE is also known as the acr

www spectroscopyeurope com

SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE 33

Sampling COLUMN

in transit, and not a kilo was picked up as dirt (no IPE) But the commodity was weighed with the different devices a

same commodity as in the wIEE example above (EUR 1250 ton), some trading entity would have unnecessarily lost or gain

of a port or terminal where sampling and weighing is needed, all the way to manual sampling for lack of other options

Figure 6 Top: Table with methods of weighing and interpretation of precision (MPE and Coefficient of variation) Bot

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

www spectroscopyeurope com

34 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

Sampling COLUMN

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

without changing the commercial characteristics in any of the subsequent processes leading to the final portion that

of possible sampling and sub-sampling errors that manifestly all reside in the before analysis domain Typical weighi

Figure 7 Sampling and weighing ultimately merge into one value: the one on the invoice

(2018) https: doi org 10 1255 tosf 104 4 K H Esbensen, Pierre Gy (1924 2015): the key concept of sampling errors

www spectroscopyeurope com

SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE 35

Sampling COLUMN

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

Duncan Aldwin Vogel (born in the Netherlands, 13 October 1973) is a global expert in weighing, sampling and testing o

Kim H Esbensen, PhD, Dr (hon), has been research professor in Geoscience Data Analysis and Sampling at GEUS, the Nat

www spectroscopyeurope com

36 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

The Lighter Side

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

Cleaner in the lab John P Hammond Technical and Marketing Manager, Starna Scientific Limited, 52 54 Fowler Road, Hai

My lab was the central lab in a suite of three adjacent labs, which were essentially rectangular, and divided by glas

The Beckman DU spectrophotometer Photo courtesy of the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the

At this point, and with the manager out of the lab, without asking anybody he duly picked up his bucket, and climbed

At this moment the lab manager returned, and literally hit the roof , you can guess the rest However, if you ve

John Hammond is an experienced analytical scientist, spectroscopist and technical marketing professional, skilled in

www spectroscopyeurope com

SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE 37

QA QC in beverage production: cocoa mix and powdered drinks To achieve good solubility, the particulates contained in

malignant and healthy cells This application note describes how Raman microscopy, alone or in combination, can inves

Raman imaging and correlative techniques in life sciences Confocal Raman imaging is well suited for the study of livi

Rapid plastic ID with extended range Raman Identification of plastic types for separation is key to effective recycli

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

www spectroscopyeurope com

38 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

Atomic New optical emission spectrometer Hitachi High-Tech Analytical Science has expanded its metals analysis range

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

www spectroscopyeurope com

SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE 39

acquisition process or allow the user to retain full control over acquisition parameters An optional plug-in runs da

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

www spectroscopyeurope com

40 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

Peptide LC-MS workflow Waters has introduced a new peptide multi-attribute method (MAM) workflow for their BioAccord

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

www spectroscopyeurope com

SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE 41

platform supports all types of analytical techniques and has knowledge management and targeted workflow applications

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

www spectroscopyeurope com

42 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

organisations ChemDash Pro+ is compliant with US FDA s regulatory framework for pharmaceutical production Serstech

www spectroscopyeurope com

SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE 43

X-ray Cloud-based monitoring of XRF spectrometers Malvern Panalytical has introduced Smart Manager, a cloud-based das

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

Product Focus on Atomic Spectroscopy

PRODUCT: AA-7000 Series APPLICATIONS: Trace metal analysis e g in cosmetics; food water; drugs; blood; oil or petr

Mass Spectrometry The next issue s Product Focus is on Mass Spectrometry Deadline 20 May spectroscopyeurope com produ

www spectroscopyeurope com

44 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

Conferences 2021 25 28 April, Oviedo, Spain 5th International Glow Discharge Spectroscopy Symposium (IGDSS2021) pe

5 9 June, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States 70th ASMS Conference https: www asms org conferences annual-conf

www spectroscopyeurope com

SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE 45

Gamma-Ray, object Rectangle ,XIA LLC sales xia com www xia com,Imaging, object Rectangle ,ABB Measurement & Analytics

Atomic,Bruker AXS GmbH,info BAXS bruker com www bruker com about-us html,Oxford Instruments NanoScience,nanoscience o

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

www spectroscopyeurope com

46 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

Want To Be Seen Here You can be part of the 2021 Directory from 145 160 190 and reach a global audience of over 2

LTB Lasertechnik Berlin GmbH,info ltb-berlin de www ltb-berlin de en homepage , object Rectangle ,Linkam Scientific I

object Rectangle ,AP Technologies Ltd info aptechnologies co uk www aptechnologies co uk, object Rectangle ,Bruker O

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

www spectroscopyeurope com

SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE 47

object Rectangle ,XIA LLC sales xia com www xia com,Plasma Spectroscopy, object Rectangle ,Linkam Scientific Instrum

Magnetic Resonance, object Rectangle ,IM Publications Open LLP info impopen com www impopen com, object Rectangle ,Ma

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

www spectroscopyeurope com

48 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

object Rectangle ,Viavi Solutions Inc steve saxe viavisolutions com www micronir com,Photonics & Optics, object Rec

object Rectangle ,IM Publications Open LLP info impopen com www impopen com, object Rectangle ,Linkam Scientific Ins

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

www spectroscopyeurope com

SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE 49

object Rectangle ,Starna Scientific Limited sales starna com www starna com, object Rectangle ,Viavi Solutions Inc

Terahertz, object Rectangle ,Edinburgh Instruments Ltd alison winn edinst com www edinst com,Oxford Instruments NanoS

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

www spectroscopyeurope com

50 SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE

object Rectangle ,IM Publications Open LLP info impopen com www impopen com, object Rectangle ,Linkam Scientific Ins

VOL 33 NO 3 (2021)

www spectroscopyeurope com

SPECTROSCOPYEUROPE 51

Built with In5.

twitter facebook linkedin

Spectroscopy World Vol. 33 No. 3 (2021)1 / 52